Perioperative Fibrillation And Term Risk -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Perioperative Atrial Fibrillation And Term Risk? Answer: Introduction Operation or surgery is the ultimate treatment provided by physicians to treat a patient and improve his or her health. However, numerous of physical, biological and chemical hazards that are lurking in the operation theatre make their profession risky (Bainbridge et al. 2012). The role of perioperative nurses are more risky as they help in the assessment, planning and implementation of the nursing care, the patient receives before, in between and after the surgery. Therefore, the Australian Nursing and Midwifery Board and the Australian College of Operating Room Nurses (ACORN) helps the perioperative nurses by guiding them and governing them in practice so that they are able to provide the patient with best care in such perioperative environment (Gialdini et al. 2014). The biological hazards such as blood, body fluids and tissue specimen of the infected patient can also lead to infectious diseases such as HIV, hepatitis B and several other blood-borne diseases. Therefore ACORN stand ards makes sure that the perioperative nurses are provided with equal amount of care while serving for the patient in hazardous (biological) operation theatres (Bainbridge et al. 2012). This assignment will be discussing about the standards set by ACORN for the surgical concerns and the implication of these standards in attaining safety for perioperative nurses in surgical environment will be critically discussed. Further for the evaluation, the ACORN standards, the local and national health policy and literature review conducted with research articles of last five years. Furthermore, these implications will be discussed in the context of my practice settings and the changes should be made so that the practice is able to achieve success for both patient and perioperative nurses. According to Ghosh (2013), in the report of World Health Report Working Together for Health on Human Resources determines that the crisis level of health care workers in more than 57 countries is because of the unsafe work environment and protect for the staff. The researchers also agree to the fact that perioperative nurses are at higher risk in the operation theatre than any other healthcare personnel as the chances of their exposure to biological hazards is always higher (Marsh 2012). Still there are several lacks in the guidelines related to it in maximum countries. As the assignment is focused to biological hazards, the risk of it can cause several blood borne infections, hepatitis B and C and the severity of it can lead to HIV infection as well. These hazards can be of different types and according to Ghosh (2013), there are more than 5000 manual handling injuries are reported every year. However, the devastating risk of biological hazards affects the perioperative nurses most. Usage of sharp and pointed objects, working with infected patients and staying in contact with the infected person within the operative room having no such equipment to filter the air within, can cause severe infection to the perioperative nurses. Further, due to exposure to percutaneous injuries, blood-borne pathogens, blood splashes, contact or exposure to microorganisms and exposure to protein allergens present in the surgical gloves can also causes biological injuries to the perioperative nurse (Mellor and Hutchinson 2013). According to Ghosh (2013), more than 6 million perioperative healthcare professionals are at the risk of different blood-borne diseases such as HIV, hepatitis, and other potentially infected bacteria due to the exposure to blood, saliva, semen, vaginal fluid, peritoneal and cerebrospinal fluid and so on. The ACORN standards determined few rules and regulations so that perioperative nurses working in such risky environment can be secured from being exposed to such biological hazards. Therefore, the ACORN 2016-2017 standard was modified from its previous versions and published to include a suggestion to manage the biological hazard within the operative environment (ACORN 2017). This standard has five statement depending on which the entire standard is destined to help the perioperative nurses. These are standard for staff and patient safety, professional practice, asepsis and clinical care, equipment and environment related and management and staffing (ACORN 2017). The primary aim of this ACORN standards to make the healthcare personal immune to the biological hazard they face in the operation theatre and take preventive measures so that the chain of infection can be ceased. As a solution to different to these problems, this standards recommend the usage of personal safety equipment fo r the perioperative nurses. Hence all the healthcare systems in Australia , needs to follow these guidelines along with the national work and health safety guidelines issues by the Ministry of Health in 2015 need to be followed by each health district (MTAA 2017). The transmission of blood-borne infection and other severe infections within the perioperative system is primarily caused by mucosal or percutaneous exposure of the perioperative nurses to the body fluid or infected blood of the patients (Holmberg, Suryaprasad and Ward 2012). Further the physical injuries to used injection needles, sharp objects and cutaneous scratches and direct inoculation of those virus or bacteria through those injuries can also lead to chain of viral infections within the operation theatre (Thursz and Fontanet 2014). Further, the virus can also infect the perioperative nurses through colonizing the open eye mucosal surface, nose and sometimes from mouth (due to accidental or sudden splashes). Here it should be mentioned that without any direct contact to the mucosal or percutaneous tissues, these blood-borne diseases, HBV, HCV and HIV are not able to cause infection through exposure to skin further airborne transmissions are also not registered earlier ((Thursz and Fontanet 2014)). All the literature focused on this similar aspect mentioned by the ACORN standards and determined that prevention is the best policy to minimize the exposure of perioperative nurses to such biological hazards. The personal protection equipment is easily available in several healthcare facilities globally and those facilities utilize this device as the primary source to eliminate the biological hazards. Further research conducted for identification of the path, through which blood-borne infection is caused determine that within the medical surgery process the percentage of equipment caused injuries are more than 15%, which is the biggest cause for such infection (Mitchell et al. 2012). Further, Phillips, Conaway and Jagger (2012) conducted a research to understand the rate of percutaneous injuries within a surgery and determined that in all kind of surgeries such as general, orthopedic, cardiac, traumatic and gynecologic surgeries more than 50% of perioperative nurses developed injuri es. Therefore usage of personal protective equipment is advised by several researchers as according to Verbeek et al. (2016), using it can prevent the occurrence of infection by more than 30%. The use of personal protective equipment such as surgical gloves, eye glass and surgical suite can prevent the percutaneous and mucosal exposure to the infection and prevent the disease to be spread among the perioperative nurses. However, according to Edmond, Diekema and Perencevich (2014), the researchers found that despite of using PPEs, 2 perioperative nurses developed EBOLA virus infection from the surgical environment. Therefore, the need of reengineering of surgical suits and personal protective equipment has become mandatory. The ACORN healthcare standards was implemented in my healthcare system long ago and all the operative systems are equipped with personal protective equipment and preventive measures. However, as the researcher Lindsey, Hutchinson and Mellor (2015) said, the lack of proper education and professional training regarding the system has delayed the agenda of healthcare facility to protect its perioperative nurses. The healthcare facility did not provided operating staffs with the training of usage of personal protective equipment and hence all the preoperative personnel are unaware of the usage of it. However, after the implementation of the ACORN policy, the healthcare system implemented a risk assessment and management system in the facility that determines the rate of risk in the operational theatre by conducting internal audits every 15th day so that proper knowledge of the occurrence of the biological hazards can be assessed and further solutions regarding those can be implemented (U ?urlu et al. 2015). Further, as the ACORN policies are not mandatory in the state or territorial healthcare facilities, application of the standards in my healthcare facility is commendable as application of the standard is the first step to protect and prevent the perioperative hazards. However there are few recommendations, application of which can be helpful in attaining complete protection from perioperative hazards. The healthcare facility should provide proper training related to the usage of personal protective equipment to the perioperative personnel so that in case of biological hazard, they are able to remove it, by their own (Ball 2012). Further, as mentioned by Hill et al. (2012), creating smoke free operation theatre can reduce the risk of hazard by maximum amount. Further, the educational session should be provided to each multidisciplinary teams that are involved in the process of surgery. Further, providing training will help to eliminate the fear among the healthcar e professionals regarding the preventing measures and they will be able to use it in near future in any hazardous condition. While concluding, it should be mentioned that all the literature presented in this assignment determined that healthcare professionals are at constant risk while providing care to patients and these hazards are able to affect the healthcare professionals drastically. Biological hazard is the most prevalent hazard. The ACORN standard provides few guidelines and recommended to use the personal safety equipment and follow the immunization and prevention treatments within the healthcare facility so that the elimination of risk can become easier and efficient. Further the assignment explained the application of ACORN in my healthcare organization and determined the loopholes present in the system. Providing training and educational sessions regarding prevention and management of mucosal and percutaneous infections within the healthcare facility to healthcare professionals including multidisciplinary teams and perioperative nurses so that complete compliance with the ACORN system can be im plemented. References ACORN 2017.Standards for Perioperative Nursing in Australia. [online] Acorn.org.au. Available at: https://www.acorn.org.au/files/9514/9869/9489/ACORN_standards_Ed_14_-_October_2016_-_TOC.pdf [Accessed 7 Mar. 2018]. Bainbridge, D., Martin, J., Arango, M., Cheng, D. and Evidence-based Peri-operative Clinical Outcomes Research (EPiCOR) Group, 2012. Perioperative and anaesthetic-related mortality in developed and developing countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet,380(9847), pp.1075-1081. Ball, K., 2012. Compliance with surgical smoke evacuation guidelines: implications for practice.ORNAC J,30(1), pp.14-6. Edmond, M.B., Diekema, D.J. and Perencevich, E.N., 2014. Ebola virus disease and the need for new personal protective equipment.Jama,312(23), pp.2495-2496.Ghosh, T., 2013. Occupational health and hazards among health care workers.International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health,3(1), pp.1-4. Gialdini, G., Nearing, K., Bhave, P.D., Bonuccelli, U., Iadecola, C., Healey, J.S. and Kamel, H., 2014. Perioperative atrial fibrillation and the long-term risk of ischemic stroke.Jama,312(6), pp.616-622. Hill, D.S., ONeill, J.K., Powell, R.J. and Oliver, D.W., 2012. Surgical smokea health hazard in the operating theatre: a study to quantify exposure and a survey of the use of smoke extractor systems in UK plastic surgery units.Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive Aesthetic Surgery,65(7), pp.911-916. Holmberg, S.D., Suryaprasad, A. and Ward, J.W., 2012. 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